Your cardiovascular physiology, personalized from a single pressure waveform

A physics-based digital twin of your circulation, tuned entirely from non-invasive arterial blood pressure, no imaging, no catheterization. Built on a validated Windkessel–baroreflex model with automatic two-step personalization.

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< 5 mmHg

Absolute error in resting SBP, DBP, MAP

0 Invasive

Input required: arterial BP only

2-Step

Automatic personalization pipeline

12-Compt.

Windkessel–baroreflex circuit model

Why This Approach

Three things that set this module apart

Non-Invasive by Design

Personalization is driven entirely by a standard arterial blood pressure waveform. No echocardiography, MRI, or catheter-based measurements required.

ABP waveform only

Autonomic Reflex Included

Unlike most hemodynamic models, this twin explicitly models the arterial baroreflex, the nervous system mechanism that stabilizes blood pressure during posture changes.

Baroreflex-aware

Validated Against Real Posture Data

The model is validated on 10 subjects from the PhysioNet posture database, reproducing both resting hemodynamics and the transient heart-rate and blood-pressure responses during head-up tilt.

PhysioNet validated

Methodology

How the personalization pipeline works

Step 01. Circulation Personalization

Fit resting hemodynamics from a single supine waveform

CMA-ES optimization tunes left-ventricular elastance and global vascular resistance and compliance scaling factors until the model reproduces the measured systolic and diastolic pressures at rest.

E(sys, lv)R(scale)C(scale)CMA-ES optimizer

feeds into

Step 02. Baroreflex Calibration

Tune the autonomic response to posture challenge

Subject-specific baroreflex gains for peripheral resistance and venous volume are estimated from beat-by-beat MAP and HR changes during head-up tilt, capturing how each person's nervous system reacts to standing up.

G(R) TPR gainG(V) venous vol.HUT protocol

All You Need to Provide

Arterial blood pressure waveformMeasured supine, from any standard ABP recording
Subject characteristicsHeight, weight and age, used for cardiac output estimation
Head-up tilt response optionalEnables baroreflex calibration for posture simulations

ABP Waveform InputProcessing

Output

Personalized twin ready

Accuracy

Error < 5 mmHg

Peer-Reviewed Research

Built on published, validated methodology

Izza et al. "Cardiovascular digital twin personalization using arterial blood pressure-driven optimization of a Windkessel–baroreflex model." Biomedical Engineering Letters, 2026.

Read Paper

CardioSim